Foreign currency transactions

Transactions in foreign currency

Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are translated to the functional currency of the Company and to the respective functional currencies of the Group entities at the rates of exchange ruling on the dates of the transactions. Gains and losses arising from such transactions are recognised in the statement of comprehensive income on settlement date or reporting date, whichever is the earlier.

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the reporting date are translated to the functional currency at the rates of exchange ruling at that date.

The foreign currency gain or loss on monetary items is the difference between amortised cost in the functional currency at the beginning of the period, adjusted for effective interest and payments during the period, and amortised cost in foreign currency translated at the exchange rate at the end of the period.

Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that are measured at fair value are translated to the functional currency at the exchange rate at the date that the fair value was determined. Foreign exchange differences arising on translation are recognised in profit or loss, except for differences arising on the retranslation of available-for-sale equity instruments, or qualifying cash flow hedges, which are recognised in other comprehensive income. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction.

Foreign operations

The assets and liabilities of foreign operations, including goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on acquisition, are translated at foreign exchange rates ruling at the reporting date. The revenues and expenses of foreign operations are translated at the monthly weighted average rate of exchange for the year. Profits and losses arising on the translation of assets and liabilities of foreign entities are recognised in other comprehensive income and presented within equity and shown separately in a foreign currency translation reserve.

When the settlement of a monetary item receivable from or payable to a foreign operation is neither planned nor likely in the foreseeable future, foreign exchange gains and losses arising from such a monetary item are considered to form part of a net investment in a foreign operation and are recognised in other comprehensive income, and presented in the translation reserve in equity.

Employee benefits

The cost of all short-term employee benefits is recognised as an expense during the year in which the employee renders the related service.

Liabilities for employee entitlements to wages, salaries, annual and sick leave represent the amount which the Group has a present obligation to pay as a result of employee services provided to the reporting date to the extent that such obligation can be reliably estimated.

The accruals have been calculated at undiscounted amounts based on current wage and salary rates.

Share-based payment transactions

The share ownership programme allows Group employees to acquire shares in Pick n Pay Holdings Limited and Pick n Pay Stores Limited.

The fair value of options granted after 7 November 2002 is recognised as an employee expense with a corresponding increase in equity. This treatment is consistently applied throughout the Group for both Pick n Pay Stores Limited and Pick n Pay Holdings Limited shares. The fair value is measured at grant date and spread over the period during which the employees become unconditionally entitled to the options. The fair value of the options granted is measured using an actuarial binomial option pricing model, taking into account the terms and conditions upon which the options are granted. The amount recognised as an expense is adjusted to reflect the actual number of share options that vest except where forfeiture is due to share prices not achieving the threshold for vesting.

A vested share option is “taken up” when the Group delivers the share to the employee on receipt of payment of the grant (strike) price.

Retirement benefits

The Group operates several retirement schemes comprising a number of defined-contribution funds (one of which has a defined-benefit element), the assets of which are held in separate trustee-administered funds.

The retirement schemes are largely non-contributory and are funded by payments from the relevant Group companies.

Defined-contribution plans

A defined-contribution plan is a post-employment benefit plan under which the Group pays fixed contributions into a separate legal entity and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts.

Obligations for contributions to defined-contribution retirement plans are recognised as an expense in the statement of comprehensive income when they are due.

Where the Group is responsible for providing retirement benefits to employees with a retirement scheme outside the Group, contributions are made on behalf of the employee and the cost is accounted for in the year in which the payment is made.

Defined-benefit plans

A defined-benefit plan is a post-employment benefit plan which is not a defined-contribution plan.

The Group’s net obligation in respect of the defined benefit is calculated separately by estimating the amount of future benefit that qualifying employees have earned in respect of their service to date; that benefit is discounted to determine its present value, and the fair value of any plan assets is deducted. The calculation is performed by an actuary using the projected unit credit method.

When the benefits of a plan are improved, the portion of the increased benefit relating to past service by employees is recognised as an expense in the statement of comprehensive income on a straight-line basis over the average period until the benefits become vested.

To the extent that the benefits vest immediately, the expense is recognised immediately in the statement of comprehensive income.

Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in other comprehensive income as incurred.

Onerous contracts

A provision for onerous contracts is recognised when the expected benefits to be derived by the Group from a contract are lower than the unavoidable cost of meeting its obligations under the contract. The provision is measured at the present value of the lower of the expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before a provision is established, the Group recognises any impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract.

Capitalisation share awards and cash dividends

The full value of capitalisation share awards and cash dividends are recorded as a deduction from accumulated profits in the statement of changes in equity. Upon allotment of shares in terms of a capitalisation share award, the share election amounts are transferred to the share capital account and share premium account. Cash dividends and the related STC charge are accounted for in the year of declaration.

Earnings per share

The Group presents basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) information for its ordinary shares. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the profit or loss attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period, adjusted for own shares held. Diluted EPS is determined by adjusting the profit or loss attributable to ordinary shareholders and the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary shares, which comprise convertible notes and share options granted to employees.

Discontinued operations

A discontinued operation is a component of the Group’s business that represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations that has been disposed of or is held for sale, or is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale. Classification as a discontinued operation occurs upon disposal or when the operation meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale, if earlier. When an operation is classified as a discontinued operation, the comparative statement of comprehensive income is re-presented as if the operation had been discontinued from the start of the comparative period.

Segmental reporting

The Group discloses segment financial information which is being used internally by the entity’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) in order to assess performance and allocate resources.

Operating segments are individual components of an entity that engage in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses, and whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the entity’s CODM and for which discrete financial information is available.

Operating segments which display similar economic characteristics are aggregated for reporting purposes.